APS Member History

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	Name:	Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland
	Institution:	World Health Organization
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Gro Harlem Brundtland is a pioneering physician and international civil servant who has used her combination of scientific training, political skill and moral leadership to draw the world's attention to the challenges of sustainability and global health. She was appointed Prime Minister of Norway for the first time in 1981, at the age of 41, becoming the first woman and then the youngest person to hold that office. Dr. Brundtland served as Head of Government for more than 10 years. As chair of the World Commission on Environment and Development, she was responsible for the report "Our Common Future" in April 1987. This report introduced the influential concept of sustainability as humanity's capacity to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This report led to the first Earth Summit, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and to many subsequent activities to promote environmental protection with economic development. As Director-General of the World Health Organization since July 1998 (again, the first woman to hold that office), Dr. Brundtland has mobilized resources and provided moral and technical leadership to improve people's health everywhere. In 2007 she was chosen by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as a special envoy to the U.N. in addressing climate change.

	Name:	Mr. James O. Freedman
	Institution:	Dartmouth College; University of Iowa
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	March 21, 2006

	Name:	Mr. Conrad K. Harper
	Institution:	Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Conrad Harper received an LL.B. at Harvard Law School in 1965. He was a staff lawyer at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund from 1966-70. He began as an associate at Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1971, becoming a partner of the firm in 1974. He left to serve as a legal adviser of the U.S. Department of State, 1993-96, and as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague, 1993-96, and 1998-2004. Mr. Harper returned as partner of Simpson Thacher in 1996 and became of counsel in 2003. Beyond his litigation and international practice with one of New York City's premier firms, Conrad Harper's legal abilities have been applied to such diverse assignments as Chancellorship of the Episcopal Diocese of New York and leadership in the American Law Institute. His civic leadership has similarly taken him into diverse assignments including Vice Chair of the New York Public Library, presidency of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, co-chairmanship of the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights under Law, and the Harvard Corporation. He is a director of New York Life Insurance Company and the Public Service Enterprise Group. He is a trustee of the William Nelson Cromwell Foundation and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Mr. Harper was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

	Name:	Dr. Richard A. Meserve
	Institution:	Carnegie Institution of Washington; International Nuclear Safety Group; Covington & Burling LLP
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Dr. Richard A. Meserve served as the ninth president of the Carnegie Institution from 2003 until 2014, after stepping down as Chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). He continues to serve on the board. The Carnegie Institution conducts basic research in biology, astronomy and geophysics. As Chairman of the NRC, Meserve served as the principal executive officer of the federal agency with responsibility for ensuring public health and safety in the operation of nuclear power plants and in the usage of nuclear materials. He served as Chairman under both Presidents Clinton and Bush and lead the NRC in responding to the terrorism threat that came to the fore after the 9/11 attacks. Before joining the NRC, Meserve was a partner in the Washington, D.C., law firm of Covington & Burling, and he now serves as Senior Of Counsel to the firm. With his Harvard law degree, received in 1975, and his Ph.D. in applied physics from Stanford, awarded in 1976, he devoted his legal practice to technical issues arising at the intersection of science, law, and public policy. Early in his career, he served as legal counsel to the President’s science advisor, and was a law clerk to Justice Harry A. Blackmun of the United States Supreme Court and to Judge Benjamin Kaplan of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. He received his undergraduate degree from Tufts University in 1966. Meserve has served on numerous legal and scientific committees over the years, including many established by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering. He also currently serves as Chairman of the International Nuclear Safety Group, which is chartered by the International Atomic Energy Agency, and as a member of the National Commission on Energy Policy. Among other affiliations, he is a member of the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Engineering, and Sigma Xi, and he is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, and the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Meserve serves on the Board of Directors of PG&E Corporation, Luminant Holding Company LLC, and of the Universities Research Association, Inc., on the Advisory Committee for UniStar Nuclear Energy LLC, and on the Council, Executive Committee, and Trust of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard University.

	Name:	Mr. Carl F. Miller
	Institution:	American Philosophical Society
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	For thirty years Carl Miller has been a dedicated member of the American Philosophical Society's administration. He continually demonstrates a thorough knowledge of the Society's activities and contributes to all aspects of the Society's management. In college and graduate school he studied history with a special focus on colonial America. He received an M.A. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1969. In 1971 he joined the American Philosophical Society's staff as the assistant manuscripts librarian. In 1976, he became Assistant Librarian. A year later, Miller was given additional responsibilities as Assistant to the Executive Officer, a position that grew into his current position as Financial Officer. He is responsible for preparing and supervising all facets of the budget, reviewing and authorizing expenses and deposits, administering employee benefits, and assisting accounting, actuarial, and legal consultants in preparing various federal and state documents. In short, he is a key figure in the day-to-day operations of the Society. Carl Miller has the respect and confidence of the Society staff, and has worked closely with the officers and members of the Society for thirty years. His deep commitment to the Society and the breadth of his experience and knowledge in all facets of its operations are qualities that were honored in his election to its membership in 2002.

	Name:	Dr. Don Michael Randel
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Don Michael Randel received a Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1967. He joined the faculty of Cornell University in 1968 and served as chair of the department of music (1971-76), vice-provost (1978-79), associate dean of the College of Arts and Sciences (1989-91), the Harold Tanner Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences (1991-2000) Given Foundation Professor of Music (1990-2000) and provost (1995-2000). He became the president of the University of Chicago in 2000, serving until 2006. In July 2006 he became president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and he retired in May 2013. A musical scholar of major stature, Dr. Randel has a record of original contributions on matters as diverse as Mozarabic plainchant, Arabic music theory, the polyphony of early modern Europe, and the popular music of contemporary Central America in its encounter with the African- and Anglo-American musical scenes. At home in ethnomusicology, traditional musicology, modern literary theory, and medieval liturgy, Dr. Randel has long been a preeminent figure among musicologists and a favored mentor at Cornell. He has earned further esteem for his gentle, genial effectiveness as a high-level university administrator, bringing his powerful commitment to scholarship, to liberal education, and to realizing the ideals of an academic community to the service of the University of Chicago and now to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Dr. Randel is the author of The Responsorial Psalm Tones for the Mozarabic Office (1969); An Index to the Chant of the Mozarabic Rite (1973); Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music (1978); and The New Harvard Dictionary of Music (1986). He is a member of the American Musicological Society, where he was editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Musicological Society and served as its vice president (1977-78). In 2007 he was named a member of the Board of Governors for Argonne National Laboratory. Dr. Randel was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

	Name:	The Honorable Sonia Sotomayor
	Institution:	United States Supreme Court
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	Sonia Sotomayor received a B.A.. summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1976 and a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1979. She was an assistant district attorney for New York County until 1984 when she joined the law firm Pavia & Harcourt, becoming a partner in 1988. She was a member of the board of directors of the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, 1980-92, and she became the U.S. District Judge of the Southern District of New York in 1992. She served as a U.S. Court of Appeals Judge, 2nd Circuit, 1998 to 2009, and she was also a lecturer at Columbia Law School and a former adjunct professor at New York University School of Law. President Barack Obama nominated her for the Supreme Court seat left vacant when Justice Souter announced his retirement. She was confirmed and on August 8, 2009, she was sworn in as an Associate Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. Sotomayor has been widely recognized as one of the ablest federal judges. Her opinions are exceptionally thoughtful, courageous, and clear headed. She showed these qualities as a trial judge in her powerful and controversial opinion during the baseball strike and continued to do so on the Court of Appeals. Before becoming a judge she was a distinguished international lawyer and is viewed on the court as one of the leading experts on comparative and international legal problems. Justice Sotomayor has been honored with the M. Taylor Pyne Honor Prize from Princeton University, the Charles W. Froessel Award of the New York Law School Law Review, the Distinguished Lawyers Award from Lawyers College of Puerto Rico, the Lance Liebman Nice Guys/Gals Do Not Necessarily Finish Last Award from the Columbia Law School Center for Public Interest Law, the Katharine Hepburn Medal (2015), the John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service (2015), the Hispanic Heritage Foundation's Leadership Award, and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Law (2020). Justice Sotomayor has received honorary degrees from Brooklyn Law School, Princeton University, Herbert H. Lehman College, Pace University and Northeastern University. Additionally, Bryn Mawr College awarded her the 2015 Katherine Hepburn Medal. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002. She is the author of My Beloved World, 2013; The Beloved World of Sonia Sotomayor, 2018; and Turning Pages: My Life Story, 2018. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2018.

	Name:	Dr. Joan E. Spero
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Joan E. Spero is an expert in international political economy. Her book The Politics of International Economic Relations is currently in its 7th edition and has been translated into numerous languages. From 2011-2018, Ms Spero was a Senior Research Scholar at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, and from 2009-2010 was a Visiting Scholar at the Foundation Center. Ms Spero served as Founding President of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation from its inception in 1997 until 2008. From 1993 to 1997, Ms. Spero served in the U.S. Department of State as Undersecretary for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs, and from 1981 to 1993 held several positions at American Express Company, the last being Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs and Communications. Joan was Ambassador to the United Nations for Economic and Social Affairs from 1980 to 1981 and an Assistant Professor at Columbia University from 1973 to 1979. Currently, Ms. Spero is a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy, the American Philosophical Society, the Century Association, the Council of American Ambassadors, the Council of Chief Executives and the Council on Foreign Relations where she served on the Board of Directors from 2001 to 2011. She recently concluded her tenure as a Trustee of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and is a Trustee Emeritus of Columbia University, Amherst College, and the Brookings Institution. Ms. Spero previously served as a director of Citigroup, IBM, International Paper, ING, First Data Corporation, Delta Airlines, and Hercules. She is married to C. Michael Spero. They have two sons and four grandchildren.

	Name:	Professor Lewis Wolpert
	Institution:	University College, London
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	January 28, 2021

	Lewis Wolpert was Emeritus Professor of Biology as Applied to Medicine in the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology of University College London. His research interests are in the mechanisms involved in the development of the embryo. He was originally trained as a civil engineer in South Africa but changed to research in cell biology at King's College London in 1955. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1980 and awarded the CBE in 1990. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1999. For five years he was chairman of the Committee for the Public Understanding of Science. He has presented science on both radio and ATV. His books include Malignant Sadness - The Anatomy of Depression (1999); Principles of Development (1992), of which he is principal author; A Passion for Science and Passionate Minds with Alison Richards (interviews with scientists); and The Unnatural Nature of Science (1992). His most recent book on belief was published in 2006. Dr. Wolpert also writes a column for "Independent", plays lots of tennis and is devoted to his mountain bike. He died on January 28, 2021.